全球领先的新经济产业第三方数据挖掘与分析机构
关于“审美”的报告
艾媒咨询 | 2024年全球及中国抗衰老市场环境分析与消费行为分析报告
随着中国消费者健康意识的觉醒以及“她经济”的崛起,消费者愈发重视抗衰老的相关产品。在消费结构升级、审美观念和悦己意识增强等多种因素的推动下,中国抗衰老市场消费持续增长。全球新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2024年全球及中国抗衰老市场环境分析与消费行为分析报告》数据显示,2014至2023年,中国大健康产业营收从2.5万亿元稳步增长至8.6万亿元,年均增长率显著。这一上升趋势反映了健康产业的快速发展和市场潜力。
艾媒咨询分析师认为,抗衰老已成为大部分中国消费者普遍关心的话题,市场对抗衰老产品和服务的需求较大。
With the awakening of Chinese consumers' health awareness and the rise of "her economy", consumers are paying more attention to anti-aging related products. Driven by multiple factors such as the upgrading of consumption structure, the enhancement of aesthetic concept and self-pleasing consciousness, the consumption of China's anti-aging market continues to grow. According to the latest "2024 Global and China Anti-aging Market Environment Analysis and Consumer Behavior Analysis Report" released by iiMedia Research, a third-party data mining and analysis institution in the global new economy industry, from 2014 to 2023, the revenue of China's big health industry has grown steadily from 2.5 trillion yuan to 8.6 trillion yuan. The average annual growth rate is remarkable. This upward trend reflects the rapid development and market potential of the health industry.
Analysts from iiMedia Consulting believe that anti-aging has become a topic of general concern for most Chinese consumers, and the market has a large demand for anti-aging products and services.艾媒咨询 | 2025年中国医美行业发展状况与消费行为调查数据
随着消费升级与技术迭代,中国医美行业已从传统整形扩展至轻医美、抗衰老等多元化领域,市场规模持续扩大。根据全球领先的新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2025年中国医美行业发展状况与消费行为调查数据》显示,2025年中国医美服务行业市场规模为3701亿元,2025年中国轻医美市场用户规模达3105万人。中国医美市场的增长不仅源于消费升级,也得益于技术普惠与轻医美项目的高复购率。当前行业已进入以精细化运营、差异化服务和合规化发展为核心驱动的新阶段。
在2025年中国消费者对医美项目的接受程度中,“会考虑整形,但风险要相对可控”位列第一,占比46.02%;其次是“能够接受手术医美整形,并承受一定风险”,占比22.94%。此外,在消费者接受过的医美项目中,轻医美(非手术类)占比最高,达到74.45%;医美整形(手术类)的占比为33.52%。这表明中国消费者对医美的态度趋于理性与谨慎,安全可控的非手术类项目成为市场主流偏好。同时,手术类项目亦拥有稳定的需求群体,显示出市场需求的层次性与多元化。
艾媒咨询分析师认为,未来中国医美市场将延续“轻医美主导、技术驱动、合规深化”的主线发展。一方面,非手术项目凭借低风险、高复购优势,仍是增长核心,Z世代与男性、下沉市场需求进一步释放。另一方面,再生材料、AI个性化方案及智能器械加速迭代,推动服务精准化与效果革新。此外,监管常态化下,行业加速品牌化整合,合规机构与上游技术型企业凸显优势。总的来说,消费者更趋理性,追求自然效果与安全保障,倒逼市场从营销竞争转向以品质、精细化运营为核心的高质量发展新阶段。
With the upgrading of consumption and technological advancements, China's medical aesthetics industry has expanded from traditional plastic surgery to diversified fields such as minimally invasive aesthetics and anti-aging. The market size has continued to grow. According to the latest "2025 China Medical Aesthetics Industry Development Status and Consumer Behavior Survey Data" released by iiMedia Research, a leading third-party data mining and analysis institution for the new economy industry, the market size of China's medical aesthetics service industry will reach 370.1 billion yuan in 2025, and the user scale of the minimally invasive aesthetics market in China will reach 31.05 million people in 2025. The growth of China's medical aesthetics market is not only due to the upgrading of consumption but also benefits from the popularization of technology and the high repurchase rate of minimally invasive aesthetics projects. Currently, the industry has entered a new stage driven by refined operation, differentiated services, and compliance development.
In terms of Chinese consumers' acceptance of medical aesthetics projects in 2025, "Would consider plastic surgery, but the risk should be relatively controllable" ranks first, accounting for 46.02%; followed by "Can accept surgical medical aesthetics and bear certain risks", accounting for 22.94%. Additionally, among the medical aesthetics projects consumers have received, minimally invasive aesthetics (non-surgical) accounts for the highest proportion, reaching 74.45%; surgical medical aesthetics accounts for 33.52%. This indicates that Chinese consumers' attitudes towards medical aesthetics are becoming more rational and cautious, and non-surgical projects with low risks and high repurchase rates have become the mainstream preference in the market. At the same time, surgical projects also have a stable demand group, demonstrating the hierarchical and diversified nature of market demand.
Analysts from iiMedia Research believe that in the future, China's medical aesthetics market will continue to develop along the main line of "minimally invasive aesthetics dominance, technology-driven, and compliance deepening". On the one hand, non-surgical projects, with their low-risk and high-repurchase advantages, will remain the core of growth, and the demands of Generation Z, men, and consumers in lower-tier cities will be further released. On the other hand, regenerative materials, AI personalized solutions, and intelligent devices will accelerate iteration, promoting the precision and effect innovation of services. Moreover, under the normalization of regulation, the industry will accelerate brand integration, and compliant institutions and upstream technology enterprises will highlight their advantages. In summary, consumers are becoming more rational, pursuing natural effects and safety guarantees, which will force the market to shift from marketing competition to high-quality development centered on quality and refined operation.艾媒咨询 | 2025年中国塑身服饰产品消费行为洞察报告
随着人们生活水平的提高和健康审美意识的增强,塑身服饰市场近年来发展迅猛。塑身服饰不仅满足了消费者对身材修饰的需求,还在一定程度上体现了时尚与健康的生活理念。根据全球新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2025年中国塑身服饰产品消费行为洞察报告》数据显示,在信息传播层面,社交媒体凭借 67.16% 的占比,成为消费者了解收腹提臀裤的最主要渠道,凸显其在塑造消费认知、引导消费选择方面的关键作用。在品牌竞争方面,猫人品牌以 38.53% 的占比拔得头筹,婷美和曲线主义也表现出色,分别占比 37.68% 和 36.42%,这三大品牌凭借各自优势赢得了消费者的青睐,在市场中占据重要地位。而从消费者需求角度,塑造完美身形这一诉求占比高达 70.32%,这直接表明消费者在选购收腹提臀裤时,塑形效果是他们最为关注的核心要素。艾媒咨询分析师认为,塑身服饰市场作为服装行业的新兴细分领域,市场前景广阔,发展潜力巨大。通过加强产品质量把控、完善行业标准、规范市场营销行为,塑身服饰行业能够实现健康、可持续发展。同时,关注行业发展趋势,积极推动科技融合创新、绿色环保发展和个性化定制服务,将为塑身服饰企业带来新的发展机遇。
With the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of healthy aesthetic consciousness, shapewear market has developed rapidly in recent years. Shapewear not only meets the needs of consumers for body modification, but also reflects the concept of fashion and healthy life to a certain extent. According to the latest "Insight reportin on China Shapewear products consumer behavior in 2025" released by iiMedia Research, a third-party data mining and analysis institution in the global new economy industry, at the level of information dissemination, social media accounts for 67.16%, It has become the most important channel for consumers to understand belly and hip lifting pants, highlighting its key role in shaping consumption cognition and guiding consumption choices. In terms of brand competition, Cat people brand took the top spot with 38.53%, Tingmei and Curvaciism also performed well, accounting for 37.68% and 36.42% respectively, and these three brands won the favor of consumers with their respective advantages, occupying an important position in the market. From the perspective of consumer demand, the demand for shaping the perfect body shape accounted for as high as 70.32%, which directly shows that consumers are most concerned about the shape effect when they buy belly and hip lifting pants. Imedia Consulting analysts believe that the shapewear market, as an emerging segment of the apparel industry, has broad market prospects and great development potential. By strengthening product quality control, improving industry standards, and standardizing marketing behaviors, the shapewear industry can achieve healthy and sustainable development. At the same time, pay attention to the development trend of the industry, actively promote the integration of science and technology innovation, green environmental protection development and personalized customized services, will bring new development opportunities for shapewear enterprises.艾媒咨询 | 2024-2025年中国化妆品市场运行状况及发展趋势研究报告
在消费结构升级、审美观念和悦己意识增强等多种因素的推动下,国内化妆品消费持续增长。全球新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2024-2025年中国化妆品市场运行状况及发展趋势研究报告》数据显示,2023年中国化妆品行业市场规模约为5169.0亿元,同比增长6.4%,2025年有望增至5791.0亿元。近年来,国产化妆品品牌凭借高性价比与渠道精细化运营实现了迅速增长。在消费者对高端国际品牌整体祛魅的趋势下,国货品牌应将产品与营销的转型创新视为企业发展及再增长的关键,以满足市场的需求,提高企业竞争力。
Driven by many factors such as the upgrading of consumption structure, the enhancement of aesthetic concept and self-pleasing consciousness, domestic cosmetics consumption continues to grow. According to the latest "Research Report on the Operation Status and Development Trend of China's Cosmetics Market in 2024-2025" released by iiMedia Research, a third-party data mining and analysis institution in the global new economy industry, the market size of China's cosmetics industry in 2023 is about 516.09 billion yuan, an increase of 6.4%. It is expected to increase to 579.10 billion yuan by 2025. In recent years, domestic cosmetics brands have achieved rapid growth with high cost performance and refined channel operation. Under the trend of consumers' overall disenchantment of high-end international brands, domestic brands should regard the transformation and innovation of products and marketing as the key to the development and re-growth of enterprises, so as to meet the needs of the market and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.艾媒咨询|2024-2025年中国唇部彩妆行业研究及消费洞察报告
中国唇部彩妆产品市场规模呈上升趋势,2023年到达262.8亿元,预计2028年将达379.5亿元。随着消费者审美观念的不断升级和个性化需求的日益增长,唇部彩妆市场正逐步向多元化、精细化方向发展。全球新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2024-2025年中国唇部彩妆行业研究及消费洞察报告》数据显示,在品牌选择上,消费者对于本土彩妆品牌的认可度和信任度正在逐步提高,59.3%的消费者表示倾向于选择本土品牌。同时,本土品牌的价格优势是吸引消费者的重要因素之一,101-200元/支(41.4%)和51-100元/支(36.3%)的口红受到消费者欢迎。得益于国家政策的大力支持和“她时代”的到来,唇部彩妆行业迎来巨大的发展机遇,企业纷纷通过科技创新推出舒适、持久、健康环保的唇部彩妆产品,实现行业内部的品牌升级与差异化发展。
The market size of lip makeup products in China is on an upward trend, reaching 26.28 billion yuan in 2023 and is projected to hit 37.95 billion yuan by 2028. With the continuous upgrading of consumers' aesthetic concepts and the growing demand for personalization, the lip makeup market is gradually moving towards diversification and refinement. The latest "China Lip Makeup Industry Research and Consumption Insights Research Report from 2024 to 2025" released by iiMedia Research, a third-party data mining and analysis institution of the global new economic industry, shows that consumers' recognition and trust in local makeup brands are gradually increasing in terms of brand selection, with 59.3% of consumers indicating a preference for local brands. Meanwhile, the price advantage of local brands is one of the crucial factors attracting consumers, as lipsticks priced between 101-200 yuan (41.4%) and 51-100 yuan (36.3%) per unit are favored by consumers. Benefiting from the strong support of national policies and the advent of the "her era," the lip makeup industry is embracing tremendous development opportunities. In response, enterprises have introduced comfortable, long-lasting, healthy, and eco-friendly lip makeup products through technological innovation, achieving brand upgrading and differentiated development within the industry.艾媒咨询 | 2025年中国化妆品行业市场发展状况与消费行为调查数据
在消费结构升级、审美观念演进及悦己意识增强等多重因素的共同驱动下,中国化妆品消费市场持续呈现持续增长态势。根据全球领先的新经济产业第三方数据挖掘和分析机构iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)最新发布的《2025年中国化妆品行业市场发展状况与消费行为调查数据》显示,2025年全球化妆品市场规模达到5719.9亿美元,与此同时,2025年中国化妆品行业市场规模为5791亿元。这表明中国已成为全球化妆品消费的核心市场之一,展现出强劲的本土消费活力与增长潜力。未来,中国化妆品行业增长将更依赖于科技创新与本土文化自信的双轮驱动。
中国消费者购买化妆品时,最关注的三个因素分别是产品功效(50.51%)、产品成分(43.83%)和品牌(38.51%)。此外,在消费者使用彩妆产品的场景中,逛街/休闲场景的占比最高,达到51.76%;其次是聚会(46.21%);商务场合和上班使用彩妆的比例相近,分别为41.68%和41.56%。功效与成分的高关注度,折射出消费者对化妆品的需求从“悦目”转向“悦效”,而彩妆场景的分布,也印证了日常化、轻量化的彩妆消费正在成为主流,也为品牌的产品研发与场景化营销提供了明确的方向。
艾媒咨询分析师认为,未来中国化妆品市场将呈现三大发展趋势。一是功效护肤和成分创新驱动市场增长,科技研发投入持续加大;二是细分市场加速渗透,男性护肤、银发族群和敏感肌护理成为增长亮点;三是国货品牌持续崛起,通过本土文化元素与科技融合提升品牌价值。同时,可持续发展与绿色消费理念将贯穿产业链,数字化营销与个性化服务深化消费者互动。整体市场将从规模扩张转向高质量发展,消费者对产品的安全性、功效性和体验感要求不断提升。
Driven by multiple factors such as the upgrading of consumption structure, the evolution of aesthetic concepts, and the strengthening of self-pleasing consciousness, the Chinese cosmetics consumption market has maintained a continuous growth trend. According to the latest "2025 China Cosmetics Industry Market Development Status and Consumer Behavior Survey Data" released by iiMedia Research (iimedia.cn), a leading third-party data mining and analysis agency for the new economy industry, the global cosmetics market size is expected to reach 571.99 billion US dollars in 2025, while the market size of the Chinese cosmetics industry is projected to be 579.1 billion yuan. This indicates that China has become one of the core markets for global cosmetics consumption, demonstrating strong domestic consumption vitality and growth potential. In the future, the growth of the Chinese cosmetics industry will rely more on the dual drivers of technological innovation and confidence in local culture.
When Chinese consumers purchase cosmetics, the three most concerned factors are product efficacy (50.51%), product ingredients (43.83%), and brand (38.51%). Additionally, among the scenarios where consumers use makeup products, the proportion of shopping/leisure scenarios is the highest, reaching 51.76%; followed by parties (46.21%); the proportions of using makeup in business occasions and at work are similar, at 41.68% and 41.56% respectively. The high attention to efficacy and ingredients reflects that consumers' demands for cosmetics have shifted from "pleasing the eyes" to "pleasing the effect", and the distribution of makeup scenarios also confirms that daily and lightweight makeup consumption is becoming mainstream, providing a clear direction for brand product development and scenario-based marketing.
Analysts from iiMedia Research believe that the Chinese cosmetics market will present three major development trends in the future. First, efficacy skincare and ingredient innovation will drive market growth, with continuous increases in R&D investment in technology. Second, the penetration of niche markets will accelerate, with male skincare, silver-haired groups, and sensitive skin care becoming growth highlights. Third, domestic brands will continue to rise, enhancing brand value through the integration of local cultural elements and technology. At the same time, sustainable development and green consumption concepts will run through the entire industrial chain, and digital marketing and personalized services will deepen consumer interaction. The overall market will shift from scale expansion to high-quality development, with consumers' requirements for product safety, efficacy, and experience constantly increasing.艾媒研报 |2019H1新氧运行状况与商业趋势研究报告
本报告研究涉及企业/品牌/案例:腾讯,经纬中国,挚信资本,兰馨亚洲,安佰深中国,鼎晖投资,康辉医疗,瑞奇外科,星童医疗,美柚,V大夫,掌上糖医,药品终端网,GHG,Syneron Candela,郝海生物科技,华熙生物,复星医药,北京丽都医疗美容医院,深圳鹏爱医疗美容医院,更美,悦美,新氧,美黛拉,美呗,美丽神器
iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)数据显示,2018年中国医美产业市场规模达2190亿元,预计2021年将突破3000亿元,行业增长快速,前景广阔。医美平台是医疗美容机构的获客新渠道,能够帮助医美机构实现精准营销,提升盈利空间。在行业加速发展的过程中,医美平台寡头格局逐步形成。新氧作为头部平台,已在用户数量、社区内容、医疗机构资源等方面有较多积累,在马太效应作用下,更易形成商业价值增长的良性循环。但随着规模扩张,平台上滋生了虚假日记、刷单等“灰色产业”,极大的损害了新氧的形象。然而机构和用户数量的增长不断增加新氧的审核难度,维护平台公信力的挑战升级。另外,随着互联网巨头以及老牌上市公司的入局,行业竞争加剧,新氧要面临来自用户规模、资金实力、技术实力、行业资源等多方面的围剿,未来发展道路阻碍重重。
According to iiMedia Research, in 2018, the scale of China's medical aesthetic market reached 219 billion yuan, and is expected to exceed 300 billion yuan in 2021. Chinese medical aesthetic industry is growing rapidly and considerably, bringing a broad prospect. The medical aesthetic platform is a new channel for medical aesthetic institutions, which can help medical institutions achieve accurate marketing and improve profitability. In the process of the accelerating development of the industry, a oligarchic pattern of the medical beauty platform has gradually formed. As a head platform, So-Young has accumulated a large scale of users, community content, medical institutions and other resources. Under the effect of Matthew effect, it is easier for So-Young to form a virtuous circle of commercial value growth. However, with the development, a ““gray industry““ consists of virtual holiday notes and brush sheets has emerged on the platform, which greatly damaged the image of So-Young. Meanwhile, the growth in the number of institutions and users increases the difficulty of platform audition, making the maintenance of its credibility even more challenging. In addition, with the Internet giants and established listed companies entering the game, the competition tends to be intensified. So-Young would have to face the pressure from user scale, financial strength, technical strength, and industry resources, which is rather challenging.艾媒咨询|2021年中国医美机构市场竞争态势及企业营销模式分析报告
本报告研究涉及企业/品牌/案例:华韩整形,瑞丽医美,美莱整形,医思健康
数据显示,2016—2020年中国医美行业市场规模五年平均增长率为12.8%,与此同时,中国医美市场用户规模增长了4倍多。在人们生活水平的提升、年轻一代对医美的接受度的提高、政府监管层对医美行业的整治给医美消费者信心的提升的综合作用下,预计中国医美市场规模在2022年将达到2232亿元。随着医美产品及仪器技术水平提升、医美知识普及等,民众对整形美容的观念正在向积极态度转变,在整个行业扩张的过程中,轻医美的受众面广、门槛低、复购率高,更有可能提升市场整体渗透率,成为我国医美行业的主要增量市场。
According to the data, from 2016 to 2020, the five-year average growth rate of the market scale of China's medical and American industry was 12.8%. At the same time, the user scale of China's medical and American market increased by more than four times. Under the combined effect of the improvement of people's living standards, the improvement of the acceptance of medical beauty by the younger generation, the regulation of the medical beauty industry by the government regulators and the improvement of medical beauty consumer confidence, it is expected that the scale of China's medical beauty market will reach 223.2 billion yuan in 2022. With the improvement of the technical level of medical beauty products and instruments and the popularization of medical beauty knowledge, people's concept of plastic beauty is changing to a positive attitude. In the process of the expansion of the whole industry, light medical beauty has a wide audience, low threshold and high repurchase rate, which is more likely to improve the overall penetration rate of the market and become the main incremental market of China's medical beauty industry.艾媒咨询|2020上半年中国医疗美容行业趋势研究报告
本报告研究涉及企业/品牌/案例:美团医美、新氧。
受颜值经济影响,医疗美容市场异常火热,自2013年以来,中国医疗美容市场规模便保持持续增长趋势,预计2020年中国医疗美容用户规模达1520万人。随着医美消费意识的进一步觉醒、供给的持续增长和“互联网+医美”模式的渗透,未来医美行业的用户规模将继续增长。iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)调研数据显示,六成用户理解支持医美消费,而目前线下医美机构仍然是消费者获取医美信息的主要渠道,其次是网络社交平台以及互联网医美平台。互联网医美平台的渗透率提升及内容化趋势,将有效推动行业资源的进一步整合,专业医美平台未来或将成为消费者了解及鉴别医美信息的重要窗口。美团医美、新氧等互联网医疗美容平台为医美行业新生态建设起到推动作用。互联网医疗美容平台的出现,以其低廉的佣金和可靠的垂直搜索特性在一定程度上帮助医美行业吸引更多消费者,拓展了获客渠道。未来医美机构将更加注重调整自身的营销策略,借助互联网平台等新手段更加精准的进行用户挖掘和服务扩散。
Affected by the beauty economy, the medical beauty market is extremely hot. Since 2013, the size of China's medical beauty market has maintained a continuous growth trend. It is estimated that the number of Chinese medical beauty users will reach 15.2 million in 2020. With the further awakening of medical aesthetics consumption awareness, continuous growth in supply and the penetration of the "Internet and medical aesthetics" model, the user scale of the medical aesthetics industry will continue to grow in the future. As the data of iiMedia Research showed, Sixty percent of users understand that they support the consumption of medical beauty, and offline medical beauty institutions are still the main channels for consumers to obtain medical beauty information, followed by online social platforms and Internet medical beauty platforms. The penetration rate and content trend of Internet medical aesthetics platforms will effectively promote the further integration of industry resources. In the future, professional medical aesthetics platforms may become an important window for consumers to understand and identify medical aesthetics information. Internet medical cosmetology platforms such as Meituan Medical Beauty and So Young have played a role in promoting the construction of a new ecology in the medical cosmetology industry. The emergence of the Internet medical cosmetology platform, with its low commissions and reliable vertical search features, has helped the medical cosmetology industry to attract more consumers to a certain extent and expanded the customer acquisition channels. In the future, medical aesthetic institutions will pay more attention to adjusting their own marketing strategies, and accurately conduct user data mining and service diffusion.艾媒咨询|2021年中国轻医美行业研究及产业链分析报告
本报告研究涉及企业/品牌/案例:爱美客,华熙生物,奇致激光,华韩整形,新氧,兰州生物
数据显示,2020年中国轻医美用户市场规模达到1520万人,预计到2021年将增至1813万人。在消费意识觉醒和消费需求驱动下,机构、医生在供给端强势助推轻医美行业更快速发展,预计2021年中国轻医美市场将达到798亿元,同比增长46.4%。在行业快速增长的同时,轻医美产业链各环节企业由于集中度不同导致利润分配不均,具体来看,上游原料耗材企业由于高技术壁垒,市场集中度较高,毛利率高于中下游企业,如知名玻尿酸、肉毒素产品制造企业爱美客、华熙生物等,而中下游由于竞争分散,单体获利参差不齐,更容易产生乱象。但总体来说,在行业监管加强、机构自律、平台监督等多方力量共同作用下,轻医美行业将会向线上化、品牌化、规范化发展。
According to the data, the market size of China's light medical beauty users will reach 15.2 million in 2020, and it is expected to increase to 18.13 million by 2021. Driven by the awakening of consumer awareness and consumer demand, institutions and doctors strongly boost the rapid development of light medical beauty industry in the supply side. It is estimated that China's light medical beauty market will reach 79.8 billion yuan in 2021, with a year-on-year growth of 46.4%. With the rapid growth of the industry, the profit distribution of enterprises in each link of the light medical beauty industry chain is uneven due to different concentration. Specifically, due to high technical barriers, the upstream raw materials and consumables enterprises have higher market concentration and higher gross profit rate than the middle and downstream enterprises, such as the well-known hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin product manufacturing enterprises aimekke, Huaxi biology, etc., while the middle and downstream enterprises have higher gross profit rate due to scattered competition, Individual profit is uneven, more likely to produce chaos. But on the whole, under the joint action of industry supervision, institutional self-discipline, platform supervision and other forces, the light medical beauty industry will develop to online, brand and standardization.
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